What is the Anion Gap? The anion gap is used in the diagnosis and evaluation of metabolic acidosis and is calculated by the following equation. Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-) In reality all of the positive and negative charges in the body are equal. This equation only includes the major anions and cations.
What is a Renal Scan? A nuclear medicine renal scan involves imaging with a compound taken up by the kidney that is bound to a radioisotope. There are different compounds used that are bound to the radioisotope technetium: MAG3: 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Most common compound used for renal scans Rapid extraction by renal
Is protein bad for the kidney? Should protein be restricted? Are there downsides to restricting protein? These questions will be addressed below. There are a wide range of recommendations for dietary protein intake for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and in general. Reasons Why High Protein May be Harmful in Kidney Disease
Can MRI contrast be safely given to a patient with kidney disease? Iodinated contrast for CT or angiography is known to be associated with nephrotoxicity. Contrast Nephropathy does it exist? How to make it not happen | BCNephro Therefore it is reasonable to have concerns regarding MRI contrast. What is MRI Contrast? MRI
Intravenous fluids (IVF) are frequently prescribed and comprise multiple formulations that may be hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic to plasma.. To understand appropriate administration of IV fluids, an understanding of fluid distribution in the body is necessary. Overview of physiology of body fluid Total Body Water (TBW) Total body water is typically estimated as:
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) comprises conditions that are of importance to nephrologists as they are: Associated with renal manifestations including acute kidney injury Frequently require treatment with plasmapheresis, a procedure which is often managed by the nephrologist Pathophysiology - What is it? A pathologic condition characterized by platelet microthrombi in the microvasculature. This
Overview This describes a small vessel vasculitis with antibodies against the glomerular and/or alveolar basement membranes in capillaries. Glomerular Basement Membranes (GBM) and Alveolar Basement Membranes contain type 4 collagen with α 3,4,5 chains In this syndrome autoantibodies are formed against the non collagenous domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen
Immunosuppression is required for kidney transplantation. The foreign antigens on the kidney allograft are recognized by the patient's immune system. Without immunosuppression this will lead to rejection of the kidney. Immunosuppression is composed of induction and maintenance. The immunologic risk of rejection is highest immediately after transplant and decreases with time. Most cases
Kidney transplantation involves the introduction of foreign antigens that are recognized by the patient's immune system. For this reason immunosuppression is required to prevent rejection. Cross matching is required to determine if a transplant is compatible. HLA testing informs the long term prognosis of the allograft. Matching People may think the donor kidney
The following alcohols can be ingested and lead to toxicity: Ethanol Ethylene glycol Methanol Propylene glycol Diethylene glycol Isopropanol Although ethanol intoxication may be obvious and levels are readily available, diagnosis of other alcohol toxicity is more difficult. Levels are often send-out tests with results not available in a manner timely enough to
