You’ve evaluated an acid base disorder. You diagnosed a metabolic acidosis: pH: Low Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3): Low pC02: Low How do you figure out what caused it? This article will provide a framework for differential diagnosis - looking at the: Anion Gap - Is it elevated? Delta - Delta - What’s that? Osmolar
Anemia is an almost universal finding in patients with End Stage Renal Disease requiring dialysis. The following factors contribute: Erythropoietin deficiency: The kidneys normally secrete erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. When the kidneys fail, erythropoietin deficiency occurs with resultant anemia. Iron deficiency: Patients on hemodialysis have ongoing
IgA Nephropathy may be the most common glomerulonephritis (GN) in the world. It is most common in East Asians (Chinese and Japanese), relatively common in Caucasians and relatively rare in people of African descent. IgA nephropathy can have a wide range of presentations with variable prognosis. This article will discuss: Clinical presentations Prognosis
Nephrotoxicity from Chemotherapy There are many different mechanisms of nephrotoxicity from chemotherapeutic drugs. These include indirect and direct renal toxicity. Indirect mechanisms Prerenal AKI due to hypovolemia from chemo induced nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) from neutropenic sepsis or cytokine release syndrome (seen in CAR-T therapy) Direct mechanisms Nephrotoxic
